Basic Photography Course

Works that have not been fixed in a tangible form
of expression

Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans;

familiar symbols or designs; mere variations of
typographic ornamentation, lettering, or
coloring; mere listings of ingredients or contents

Ideas, procedures, methods, systems, processes,
concepts, principles, discoveries, or devices, as
distinguished from a description, explanation, or
illustration

Works consisting entirely of information that is
common property and containing no original
authorship; for example: standard calendars,
height and weight charts, tape measures and
rules, and lists or tables taken from public
documents or other common sources

The way that copyright protection is secured is

frequently misunderstood. No publication or
registration or other action in the Copyright Office is
required to secure a copyright under the law. Copyright
is secured automatically when the work is created, and
a work is "created" when it is fixed in a copy or imaging
recording for the first time. In general, "copies" are
material objects from which a work can be read or
visually perceived either directly or with the aid of a
machine or device, such as books, manuscripts, sheet
music, film, videotape, or microfilm. Phonograph
records are material objects embodying fixations of
sounds (excluding, by statutory definition, motion

picture sound tracks), such as audio tapes and
phonograph disks. Thus, for example, a song (the
"work") can be fixed in sheet music (copies) or in audio
recordings, or both.

Notice of Copyright

When a work is published under the authority of the

copyright owner, a notice of copyright should be placed
on all publicly distributed copies. This notice is required
even on works published outside of the United States.
Omission or errors will not necessarily result in
forfeiture of the copyright. Therefore, just because a
copyrightable material does not have a copyright notice
does not mean it is not copyrighted. However, infringers
misled by the omission or error of copyright notice will
be shielded from liability.

8-3

How Long Copyright Protection Lasts

The copyright law changed in 1978. The time that

the copyright on original material expires is determined
by when it was created.

WORKS ORIGINALLY COPYRIGHTED ON

OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 1978.

耍 work that is

created (fixed in tangible form for the first time) on or
after January 1, 1978, is automatically protected from
the moment of its creation. It is ordinarily given a term
enduring for the author's life, plus an additional 50 years
after the author's death. In the case of a joint work
prepared by two or more authors that did not work for
hire, the term lasts for 50 years after the last surviving
author's death. For works made for hire and for
anonymous and pseudonymous (fictitious name) works
(unless the author's identity is revealed in Copyright
Office records), the duration of copyright is 75 years
from publication or 100 years from creation, whichever
is shorter.

Works that were created before the 1978 law came

into effect, but were neither published nor registered for
copyright before January 1, 1978, have been
automatically brought under the statute and are now
provided federal copyright protection. The duration of
copyright for these works is generally computed in the
same way as for new works: the life plus 50 and the 75
or 100 year terms apply to them as well. However, all
works in this category are guaranteed at least 25 years
of statutory protection.

WORKS COPYRIGHTED BEFORE JANU-

ARY 1, 1978.

苣nder the law in effect before 1978,

copyright was secured either on the date a work was
published or on the date of registration if the work was
registered in unpublished form. In either case, the
copyright endured for a first term of 28 years from the
date it was secured. During the last (28th) year of the
first term, the copyright was eligible for renewal. The
new copyright law has extended the renewal term from
28 to 47 years for copyrights that were still in existence
on January 1, 1978.

International Copyright Protection

There is no such thing as an "international

copyright" that will automatically protect an author's
writings throughout the entire world. Protection against
unauthorized use in a particular country depends,
basically, on the national laws of that country. However,
most countries do offer protection to foreign works
under certain conditions, and these conditions have been
greatly simplified by international copyright treaties and
conventions.

contents

Basic Photography Course

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DOFMaster for Windows On-line Depth of Field Calculator DOFMaster for Mobile Devices On-line Depth of Field Table Hyperfocal Distance Chart Articles FAQ Recommended Books Support Contact Links Home As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.	contents <- previous page next page -> Works that have not been fixed in a tangible form of expression Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols or designs; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring; mere listings of ingredients or contents Ideas, procedures, methods, systems, processes, concepts, principles, discoveries, or devices, as distinguished from a description, explanation, or illustration Works consisting entirely of information that is common property and containing no original authorship; for example: standard calendars, height and weight charts, tape measures and rules, and lists or tables taken from public documents or other common sources Copyright Secured Automatically upon Creation The way that copyright protection is secured is frequently misunderstood. No publication or registration or other action in the Copyright Office is required to secure a copyright under the law. Copyright is secured automatically when the work is created, and a work is "created" when it is fixed in a copy or imaging recording for the first time. In general, "copies" are material objects from which a work can be read or visually perceived either directly or with the aid of a machine or device, such as books, manuscripts, sheet music, film, videotape, or microfilm. Phonograph records are material objects embodying fixations of sounds (excluding, by statutory definition, motion picture sound tracks), such as audio tapes and phonograph disks. Thus, for example, a song (the "work") can be fixed in sheet music (copies) or in audio recordings, or both. Notice of Copyright When a work is published under the authority of the copyright owner, a notice of copyright should be placed on all publicly distributed copies. This notice is required even on works published outside of the United States. Omission or errors will not necessarily result in forfeiture of the copyright. Therefore, just because a copyrightable material does not have a copyright notice does not mean it is not copyrighted. However, infringers misled by the omission or error of copyright notice will be shielded from liability. 8-3 How Long Copyright Protection Lasts The copyright law changed in 1978. The time that the copyright on original material expires is determined by when it was created. WORKS ORIGINALLY COPYRIGHTED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 1978. 耍 work that is created (fixed in tangible form for the first time) on or after January 1, 1978, is automatically protected from the moment of its creation. It is ordinarily given a term enduring for the author's life, plus an additional 50 years after the author's death. In the case of a joint work prepared by two or more authors that did not work for hire, the term lasts for 50 years after the last surviving author's death. For works made for hire and for anonymous and pseudonymous (fictitious name) works (unless the author's identity is revealed in Copyright Office records), the duration of copyright is 75 years from publication or 100 years from creation, whichever is shorter. Works that were created before the 1978 law came into effect, but were neither published nor registered for copyright before January 1, 1978, have been automatically brought under the statute and are now provided federal copyright protection. The duration of copyright for these works is generally computed in the same way as for new works: the life plus 50 and the 75 or 100 year terms apply to them as well. However, all works in this category are guaranteed at least 25 years of statutory protection. WORKS COPYRIGHTED BEFORE JANU- ARY 1, 1978. 苣nder the law in effect before 1978, copyright was secured either on the date a work was published or on the date of registration if the work was registered in unpublished form. In either case, the copyright endured for a first term of 28 years from the date it was secured. During the last (28th) year of the first term, the copyright was eligible for renewal. The new copyright law has extended the renewal term from 28 to 47 years for copyrights that were still in existence on January 1, 1978. International Copyright Protection There is no such thing as an "international copyright" that will automatically protect an author's writings throughout the entire world. Protection against unauthorized use in a particular country depends, basically, on the national laws of that country. However, most countries do offer protection to foreign works under certain conditions, and these conditions have been greatly simplified by international copyright treaties and conventions. contents Basic Photography Course <- previous page next page ->	As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.
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