Basic Photography Course

One big disadvantage of tilting the easel is that

an extremely small diaphragm opening must be
used for depth of sharp focus. The use of a small
d i a p h r a g m o p e n i n g m a k e s f o c u s i n g a n d
composition difficult. This makes it necessary to
use long exposure times.

PROCESSING DEFECTS

The prints you produce will not be perfect

every time. Table 11-3 shows some of the most
common defects found in black-and-white prints.
Use this table to identify and correct print defects.

Table 11-1-Print Defects

Defect

Appearance

Cause

Prevention

Abrasion marks or
streaks.

Surface of paper abraded

Friction or rubbing on

Store paper boxes on

or scratched; results in

the surface of the paper.

their edges; handle

fine dark lines on the

carefully; make sure that

surface of the

processing solutions are

print, especially with

free from grit or

glossy paper.

undissolved particles.

Inspect and clean rollers

of processing machine.

Bad definition in parts of

Parts of print poorly

Buckling of paper in the

Check contact pad in

print.

defined, blurred, as if out

contact printer, thereby

printer. Pressure springs

of focus, though negative

blurring these parts.

should be firm and

is sharp.

strong.

Bad definition over
entire print.

Completely blurred print

In contact prints, because

In contact printing,the

from sharp negative.

of printing from the

paper emulsion must

wrong side of the

always be in contact

negative. In

with the emulsion of the

enlargements, careless

negative. Enlargers

focusing or, more

should be braced firmly

often, vibration of the

and protected from

enlarger, especially at

vibration

high magnification.

Round white (light)

Air bells prevent

spots on print.

Round white or light
spots in picture area.

Proper agitation of print

developer from working

in developer.

on parts of paper.

Round dark spots on

Round or circular-

prints.

shaped dark spots.

Air bells on surface of

print in fixing bath

allows developer to
continue to work

Use a stop bath between

developer and fixer.

Agitate thoroughly in

fixing bath.

Round discolored spots

appearing some time
after drying.

Round discolored spots
in picture area of print.

Air bells in washing

Thorough washing with

prevent removal of hypo

constant agitation.

in these areas

Small, well-defined
brown spots.

Brown spots on front or

Particles of rust in wash

back of print.

water from rusty wash

Where quantities of rust
are present, use a water

tanks or water pipes

filter in the line.

and/or particles of

chemical dust.

11-21

contents

Basic Photography Course

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DOFMaster for Windows On-line Depth of Field Calculator DOFMaster for Mobile Devices On-line Depth of Field Table Hyperfocal Distance Chart Articles FAQ Recommended Books Support Contact Links Home As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.	contents <- previous page next page -> One big disadvantage of tilting the easel is that an extremely small diaphragm opening must be used for depth of sharp focus. The use of a small d i a p h r a g m o p e n i n g m a k e s f o c u s i n g a n d composition difficult. This makes it necessary to use long exposure times. PROCESSING DEFECTS The prints you produce will not be perfect every time. Table 11-3 shows some of the most common defects found in black-and-white prints. Use this table to identify and correct print defects. Table 11-1-Print Defects Defect Appearance Cause Prevention Abrasion marks or streaks. Surface of paper abraded Friction or rubbing on Store paper boxes on or scratched; results in the surface of the paper. their edges; handle fine dark lines on the carefully; make sure that surface of the processing solutions are print, especially with free from grit or glossy paper. undissolved particles. Inspect and clean rollers of processing machine. Bad definition in parts of Parts of print poorly Buckling of paper in the Check contact pad in print. defined, blurred, as if out contact printer, thereby printer. Pressure springs of focus, though negative blurring these parts. should be firm and is sharp. strong. Bad definition over entire print. Completely blurred print In contact prints, because In contact printing,the from sharp negative. of printing from the paper emulsion must wrong side of the always be in contact negative. In with the emulsion of the enlargements, careless negative. Enlargers focusing or, more should be braced firmly often, vibration of the and protected from enlarger, especially at vibration high magnification. Round white (light) Air bells prevent spots on print. Round white or light spots in picture area. Proper agitation of print developer from working in developer. on parts of paper. Round dark spots on Round or circular- prints. shaped dark spots. Air bells on surface of print in fixing bath allows developer to continue to work Use a stop bath between developer and fixer. Agitate thoroughly in fixing bath. Round discolored spots appearing some time after drying. Round discolored spots in picture area of print. Air bells in washing Thorough washing with prevent removal of hypo constant agitation. in these areas Small, well-defined brown spots. Brown spots on front or Particles of rust in wash back of print. water from rusty wash Where quantities of rust are present, use a water tanks or water pipes filter in the line. and/or particles of chemical dust. 11-21 contents Basic Photography Course <- previous page next page ->	As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.
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